«Jede Jahreszeit hat ihre Reise.» - Сочинение

4 Условные предложения с глаголом to wish 15

1. Robert Gibbs, the great plane robber, has been caught in Montina.
He was arrested in a Vanadelo nightclub.
He is being questioned at police headquarters, and he will probably be sent back to Britain.
Two British detectives left Heathrow earlier this evening, and they will help the police in Vanadelo with their enquiries.
In 1978 Gibbs was sentenced to forty years in prison for his part in the Great Plane Robbery.
2. The convicts are transported to prison.
Many reports are made. Light is shed on many facts.
Different measures are taken to prevent and solve crimes.
The happening is reconstructed.
Latent fingerprints are developed and taken.
Задание 2.
Выберите правильный вариант модального глагола и подставьте в пред-ложение. Предложения переведите.
1. If I don’t study for the next test, I _ fail it.
a) ought to; b) should; c) might; d) will have to.
2. It _ be Jack. He drives a Fiat and this guy is driving a Jaguar.
a) can’t; b) should; c) ought to; d) might.
3. He _ to go to the dentist because he has toothache.
a) ought; b) must; c) should; d) have.
4. It was a very difficult text. I _ look up a lot of words in the dictionary.
a) must; b) have to; c) had to; d) must to.
5. If we _ study, we could go out.
a) didn’t have to; b) had to study; c) could; d) didn’t have.
Задание 3.
Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов.
We never have practice on Sunday.
No transport stops here.
We see nothing interesting in this question.
The police have no evidence against this suspect.
None of the group want to do that.
He could find neither him nor his relatives.
Задание 4.
Перепишите и переведите текст на русский язык.
History of law
One of the earliest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the collection of laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, which was carved in stone about 1900 B.C., and which can be seen in the British Museum in London. Another early code of Hebrew Law, contained in the Book of Exodus on the Bible.
In Greece each city-state had its law. Some laws were common to many states, such as laws relating to family life. In the 17th century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian lawgiver, pro-vided new code of law. The Athenians didn’t consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2500.
The number of the jury listened to speeches made by the prison who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers were not allowed, but speeches were sometimes prepared by professional speechwriters.
Roman law is one of the greatest systems that have ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 528 quantity of Roman Law had become so immense that the Emperor Justinian in Constantinople ordered a clear, systematic code of all the laws to be made.
Roman law has had a deep influence upon the law of the world. The law of most European countries is based upon it, and it has ha some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. For many years Ro-man law seemed to be lost or forgotten, but it reappeared in the 11th century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Ro-man law in their courts. In France, however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804 each province had its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and has been copied in many countries in Europe and South America.
Задание 5.
Составить диалог на тему «Обсуждение правовой системы Великобрита-нии адвокатами».

The 17-year-old boy was ordered to serve a six-month period of probation, 25 hours of community works and to apologize in person to his victim. He was also ordered not to possess weapons, ammunition or explosives for five years. Crown counsel Bruce Filan told the court the young cyclist was riding on Atkins Road Dec.22, 1991, and noticed three young males sitting in a car. As he passed, he said "hi" to the group and continued on his way. Then he heard a loud "ping" coming from the direction of the vehicle, turned around and saw one of the boys aiming a gun in his direction and heard two more "pings". Filan described the boy as "very frightened," especially when the car started up and drove towards him. Not very far from home, he raced to tell his father what had happened. The father then pursued the teenagers in his car; forcing them to stop and answer questions.
According to man, police later determined the accused teenager was the only one with a weapon - an air pistol that still had pellets in its chamber when recovered by police at the boy's residence. The young victim was very upset by the ordeal and is receiving counseling, Filan added.
Defence counsel Dianne McDonald said her client was not aiming the pistol at the younger boy and had no intention of harming him. Only two shots were fired, she insisted. When her client realized his actions had scared the boy he tried to apologize but was told not to contact the victim, she added.
She also explained the teenagers were not really chasing the boy in the car; but when the driver realised the boy was scared, he tried to follow to explain no one was aiming at him.
Mc. Donald reported her client has been doing well since tile incident and he hopes to return to school in the fall. For now he is enrolled in correspondence classes and is seeking employment, McDonald told the court.
1. The 17-year-old youth was accused of
A. possessing a handgun without the correct license.
В. endangering another person's life with a gun.
С. driving a car in a dangerous manner.
D. being drunk and disorderly in a public place.
2. The father of the 11-year-old victim appears to have
A. questioned his son at length about the incident.
В. made an immediate complaint to the local police.
С. forced the teenagers involved to go to the police station.
D. chased after the young men in his car to get an explanation.
3. The police apparently found a loaded air pistol
A. in the 17-year-old youth's pocket.
В. at the home of the 17-year-old youth.
С. in the boot of his car.
D. at the home of one of his friends.
4. Apparently, the 11-year-old boy
A. is still receiving professional help.
В. is now too afraid to go out alone.
С. will no longer ride his bicycle.
D. has finally recovered from the experience.
5. The 17-year-old boy was
A. sent to prison for six months.
В. ordered to pay a large fine.
С. given probation and community service.
D. found not guilty of the crime.
Вопрос 2.
Next to each word, write the number from the corresponding part of the letter. The first has been done for you.
_ date
_ references
_ conclusion
_ typed signature
_ position/title
_ main paragraph
_ salutation
_ recipient's address
_ complimentary ending
_ written signature
_ letterhead
_ introductory paragraph
_ sender's address
_ enclosures
(1) WIDGETRY LTD
6 Pine Estate, Westhornet, Bedfordshire, UB 18 22
(2) Telephone 9017 23456 Telex X23X WE) Fax 9017
Michael Scott, Sales Manager,
Smith and Brown plc,
(3) Napier House
North Molton Street,
Oxbridge OB84 9TD.
(4) Your ref. MS/WID/15/88
Our ref. ST/MN/10/88
(5) 31 January 1998
(6) Dear Mr. Scott,
(7) Thank you for your letter of 20 January, explaining that the super widgets, catalogue reference X-3908, are no longer available but that ST-1432, made to the same specifications but using a slightly different alloy, are now available instead. Before I place a firm order I should like to see samples of the new super widgets. If the replacement is as good as you say it is, I shall certainly wish to submit a new order.
(8) I would prefer to continue to deal with Smith and Brown, whose service has always been satisfactory in the past. But you will understand that I must safeguard Widgetry's interests and make sure that the quality is good.
(9) I would, therefore, be grateful if you could let me have a sample as soon as possible.
(10) Yours sincerely,
(11) Simon Thomas
(12) Simon Thomas
(13) Production Manager
(14) enc.
Вопрос 3.
This letter has been revised so many times by Mr. Thomas that it has become all mixed up, and his word processor has failed to reorganize it. Arrange the letter so that everything is in the correct order.
(1) Simon Thomas
(2) WIDGETRY LTD
(3) 6 Pine Estate, Westhornet, Bedfordshire, UBI8 22 BC.
Telephone 9017 23456 Telex X238 WID Fax 9017 67 893
(4) I look forward to hearing from you.
(5) Your ref. MS/WID/15/88
Our ref. ST/MN/10/88
(6) Yours sincerely,
(7) James Bowers, Sales Manager
Electroscan Ltd.,
Orchard Road Estate,
Oxbridge UB84 10SF.
(8) Production Manager
(9) Thank you for your letter. I am afraid that we have a problem with your order.
(10) 6 June 1998
(11) Unfortunately, the manufacturers of the part you wish to order have advised us that they cannot supply it until September. Would you prefer us to supply a substitute, or would you rather wait until the original parts are again available?
(12) Dear Mr. Bowers
Вопрос 4.
Contrast. Look at the following ways of expressing contrast:
a) Turnover increased. However, profitability fell.
b) Although turnover increased, profitability fell.
c) Profitability fell (even) though turnover increased.
d) It would be difficult to ventilate site B, while/whereas the exterior position of site A could improve ventilation.
"However" is used for general contrasts where the ideas are not equivalent. "Although" is used when there is a contrast that surprises us; "even though" is like "although" but more emphatic. "While/whereas" are used where there is contrast between equivalent ideas.
Use 'although', 'even though', 'whereas', 'while' or 'however' to contrast the following:
1) There are only recruiters. They do most of the work.
2) Site В would be easy to build on. Site A would require new foundations.
3) Salaries have been fixed for two years. They will be revised if business improves.
4) The recruitment agency concentrated on the UK. Its competitors turned to foreign markets.
5) There are ten managers. Only the Managing Director has decision making power.
Вопрос 5.
Дополните предложения правильной идиомой в правильной грамматической форме:
be dead against something
make a dead set at someone
a dead loss
a dead end
cut someone dead
dead right
Пример: Have you been able to persuade your father to buy a computer? No he is dead against the idea.
1. I had difficulty in finding the way. I took a wrong turning and it was _ .
2. Why won't Mary speak to me? She simply _ in the bank yesterday.
3. You warned me that I'd be sorry if I bought an old car, and you were _ . I've paid a fortune in repairs.
4. Mark can play the violin beautifully but he's _ at anything practical.
5. David behaved badly during the meeting. He _ Andrew without any provocation whatsoever.
Вопрос 6.
Заполните пропуски соответствующими идиомами в правильной форме.
draw money out
an open cheque
a current account
a crossed cheque
pay (money) in
bounce
make out a cheque
a deposit account
open an account
a joint account
I must tell you about a customer who came into the bank this morning - a strange old fellow, wearing a cap and a shabby raincoat. He said he wanted to _1_ with our bank. From his questions, it sounded as if he had a bank account before, so I explained to him that with _2_ you can _3_ whenever you want, but with _4_ you have to give a week's notice.
He seemed confused, so I showed him a cheque book and explained how to _5_ - he had obviously never signed a cheque before. Then I explained the difference between _6_ and _7_. I also asked him if he wanted one signature on the cheque or whether it would be _8_ together with his wife. He said he didn't want his wife to know anything about it! When I asked whether there would be regular payments into this account, he answered with a grin, "Don't worry, my cheques won't _9_, if that's what you're afraid of."
Then he said he'd like to open a deposit account and brought out a parcel wrapped in newspaper. I tried not to look surprised when he opened it - it contained more than £ 10,000 tied up with string and rubber bands! "That's just for a start" he said. "What I _10_ tomorrow depends on how much I win on the horses today!"
Вопрос 7.
Which is correct?
1. A "blank cheque" has no _ on it.
date
signature
amount
2. When you write out a cheque, you are _.
the payee
the bearer
the drawer
3. One of the most common methods of payment is _ cheque.
with
through
by
4. A "post-dated cheque" bears _.
a future date
a post date
a date that makes the cheque invalid
5. Your current account is "in the red". This means _.
you have no money in the account
you have money in the account
you must тark your cheques R/D
6. A "bearer cheque" _.
can only be paid into an account
can be cashed by anyone who has it
bears the payee's name
Вопрос 8.
Which is correct?
1. A candidate for election _or_.
stands for office
goes for office
sits for office
runs for office
2. A 'maiden speech' is made in the House _.
by female MPs by new MPs only by ministers
3. 'Front benchers' are _.
seats at the front of the House
long-serving members of parliament
members of parliament who hold ministerial office
4. If the Prime Minister 'goes to the country', he or she _.
resigns holds a referendumcalls a general election
5. In politics, the adjective 'shadow' means _.
of the governing party
of the opposition party
previous
second in importance
Вопрос 9.
Match each word with its definition:
1 judge
2 weapon
3 reprehensible
4 probation
5 community work
6 victim
7 crown counsel
8 the accused
9 residence
10 ordeal
11 counselling
12 defence counsel
13 client
14 incident
A a situation that may involve violence
В the activity of giving professional advice to people in need
С the place where someone lives
D doing work to help others instead of going to prison
E a person being tried in court for a crime
F bad, morally wrong
G the person with the power to decide how to apply the law
H an object used to kill or hurt people
I someone who suffers as the result of a crime
J a person who receives advice in return for payment
К a lawyer who presents a case against an accused person
L a period spent outside prison but under supervision
M an extremely unpleasant experience or situation
N a lawyer who acts on behalf of an accused person
Вопрос 10.
Which is correct?
1. Which of the following is not a form of worker protest?
a go-slow
a work-to-rule
a lock-out
2. Workers "on the shop floor" are _.
shop assistants
shop stewards
manual workers on the production line
3. Which three mean the same?
a shop steward
a blackleg
a strike breaker
a scab
a picket
4. Which two expressions mean "finish work for the day"?
knock off
lay off
sign off
clock off
5. When a worker is “laid off” he _.
is ill
is out of work temporarily
is out of work permanently
6. If you work longer than your usual working hours, you _.
work unsocial hours
do overtime
do shift-work
7. An unemployed person receiving money from the state is said to be _.
on the board
on the shop floor
on the dole
8. If you apply for a job but are not accepted you are _.
laid off
made redundant
turned down

1. We saw no old building in Novopolotsk.
2. Almost any building of Moscow is attractive.
3. There are some educational institutions in Tomsk.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите
1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.
2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.
3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
4. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the exam.

VII. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT
1. It is late.
2. We are students of a civil engineering institute. It trains civil engineers.
3. It is impossible to live without water.
4. In the Middle Ages it was supposed that the Moon had a smooth crystalline surface.

VIII. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы
MOSCOW’S FUTURE
1. The face of Moscow has changed in recent years. Considerable attention is paid to the city centre. According to the General Plan Moscow will become one of the most beautiful cities in the world. One can gain a better appreciation of the beauty of the Moskva river with its graceful curving embankments surrounded by the new tall buildings so clearly visible from different parts of the new city.
2. According to this plan Moscow is divided into 8 zones. Each zone will have its centre and all these centres will be connected with the main one. New wide thoroughfares have come into being. Old houses of no artistic value are to be replaced by new ones. In keeping with tradition, the south - western section will house mostly higher schools, research institutes and design bureaus.
3. Rows of full-grown lime trees have sprung up on either side of the streets. The green spaces in the city will be greatly extended. Many small parks with a mass of trees and bushes, carpets of flowers and fountains have appeared. New parks will be laid in Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the forest and green belt around the city that will serve as a link between the urban and natural landscape, improve the climate and make the city more attractive. There is no other city whose appearance changes so quickly as that of Moscow. Architects and builders are successfully carrying out the great task of reconstruction of Moscow.

XI. Прочитайте 1-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What part of Moscow is paid considerable attention to?

2 The most popular subcultures in the USA…. 14
2.1 The definition of the term “subculture”…. . 14
2.2 The history of subcultures in the 20th century…. 16
2.3 The origin, fashion and ideology of subcultures…. 23
2.3.1 Punks…. 23
2.3.2 Emos…. 25
2.3.3 Hip-hoppers…. 26
2.3.3.1 Rapping and dj…. 27
2.3.3.2 Breaking…. 28
2.3.3.3 Graffiti art…. 29
2.3.4 Goths…. 30
2.3.5 Skinheads…. 31
2.4 The influence of subcultures and their problems…. 33
Conclusion… 36
Bibliography…. 38